"...an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons." -google

        Ions are basically just atoms that have too many or too little of either protons or electrons. If you were an atom with more protons than electrons, you would no longer be an atom, but a positively charged Ion, opposing a negatively charged atom, which would be if you had more electrons than protons. Protons and electrons need to be equal for the state of an atom to be neutral, AKA 'normal'. So why are neutrons there? Lets say you had one ear. Ears are needed for a state of balance on the human body, which means you might have to try a little harder to stay upright and move straight, however, you can still survive, and hear for that matter. The neutrons are there to even out the weight difference within the atom, and they are present in every element except for ordinary hydrogen, which only has one proton and one electron. Positively charged ions can sometimes take away bits of static electrons floating around, like when you touch a doorknob and shock yourself. Negatively charged ions usually can't rip the nucleus of other atoms apart to find more protons, however, they can pass on some of their electrons to a positively charged ion and not expect any in return. Ions can be created, or rather, atoms can be disequalized, usually by scientists, geneticists, or some kind of physicists, by way of ionization, which involves taking the electrons from an atom (taking a conductive/magnetic material to it to force the atom to pass on electrons).

To learn more, go to the site below-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion

Black Holes

"A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying.

Because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can see how stars that are very close to black holes act differently than other stars."

-http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-hole-k4.html

The Tailless Comet (C/2014 S3)

The Manx illustrated realistically

In 2014, a near-tailless comet was spotted while it flew by earth. It was called C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS) or "MANX," since Manx cats are mostly tailless. Researchers are saying that it has just returned, and actually began it's voyage rather close to the sun, and may be able to tell us more about the building blocks of our planet, at least when it first walk out of fire. It was a majestic ball of what looked like a black rocky substance trying to contain super heated iron and gold by smothering it, trying to close in on it but in a grand struggle to do so. Of course, that's what we "think". We also "think" that we know about the layers of the earth and what they're made of. Us humans "think" a lot of things. But the more proof we have, the more sure we can be. Studies of the comet are being thought over.

Ingredients of jet fuel

"Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per molecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuel

Pulsars

Pulsars. They're the skeletons of stars gone wrong. With every object, there is a death. A decaying point at which it stops or begins to stop existing or living. That includes stars. A star's death is not a sad funeral where a handful of people wearing black go to mourn, but rather an explosion. The term for such an explosion is supernova. When a star collapses, it exhausts all of it's energy into a massive combustion, which is known as the most violent, powerful event in the universe. What is left behind is a small ball of light, not very large, yet extremely heavy. A pulsar. Basically, it's a rotating neutron star, or highly compacted core of a dead, massive star. It emits radioactive pulses at a high frequency while rotating, hence the name. They send out a pulse every time a clock ticks to show a second has passed. Such a high fire rate. Not to be confused with quasars, which basically emit huge amounts of energy and sometimes cause black holes at the center of younger galaxies. For more information, go to the site below.

http://www.seasky.org/celestial-objects/pulsars.html

Dangerous chemicals in human breastmilk?

On May 16 of 2012, NPR did an author interview with Florence Williams on "Fresh Air." She told them that she had two children. She was nursing with her second child when she read a research study about the toxins human breast milk. She became curious and decided to send a sample of her own to a lab in Germany. The results of her test surprised her. Pesticides. Dioxin. An ingredient of jet fuel. All found in the sample. How, though? How would the chemicals get in there, anyway? "It turns out that our breasts are almost like sponges, the way they can soak up some of these chemicals, especially the ones that are fat-loving — the ones [that] tend to accumulate in fat tissue," Williams tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross. "Unfortunately, the breast is also masterful at converting these molecules into food in the way of breast milk."

-http://www.npr.org/2012/05/16/152818798/breasts-bigger-and-more-vulnerable-to-toxins

For more information, go to the site above.

How are homo-sapiens related to primates?

Several species of primates, such as orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and other extinct species, are considered evolutionary relatives of humans. The truth behind it is all in the DNA. Also, the idea is taken from the similarities in the anatomy of a chimp compared to a human. As you can see in this image, there is 98% genetic similarity. That's only two percent of a genetic change. Coincidence? Many people would argue not. Interesting, right? The primates fall into the hominids family, as do humans, so we're classified as similar creatures. The neural systems of chimps are actually slightly more advanced than most animals, and can sometimes be trained to do work for humans, like carrying things and helping with various tasks. There are also chimpanzees that are trained to speak, in a human way, and be able to communicate with humans. In a way, it's another form of grouping them with humans, and categorizing them in a single classification with us. For more information, go to the site below-

 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-closely-related-are-h/

Japan's X-ray Telescope is Gone

  Last month, the Japanese satellite ceased all communication with earth. Everything was working fine since it was launched until March 17, when it stopped radio signal. They just announced it yesterday, while including that they will accelerate and focus more on finding out what meant wrong. The idea was to scan for X rays in Supernovas and Galaxy clusters. It's sad that it was not a possibility. I think that it might have been hit by something or a similar situation. Although, I am not sure at all. For more information, go to the site pasted below-

https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-ticker/japan-x-ray-telescope-astro-h-officially-dead?tgt=nr

Hyperloops

(inside of a hyperloop)

There are tubes. Highly air pressurized ones. They are made to transport a person or object through on a capsule by pushing the capsule through the tube, utilizing the air pressure, at an extremely high speed. Pretty cool, right? I had the idea once that a similar system of air pressurized tubes would shoot people everywhere they needed to go. I even made a diagram for such a thing. They would replace all other modes of transportation. And that might be a reality sometime soon. In November of 2015, they ran a test in California, which went completely fine. They're fast, affordable, and nice. It's ahead of it's time, though. The first to think of the hyperloop was Elon Musk, according to this site -

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-to-build-hyperloop-test-track-in-california/

Ice Age Vs. Global Warming

Our world. A comparatively small, perfectly round sphere of gasses with a chunk of dirt expanding from the center. The only planet within human's proven portion of imagination, or factual knowledge, that is proven to have life and agreed upon by all humans that inhabit it. Every few millenniums or so, the world freezes up and is slowly and partially engulfed in a large, solid, sheet of ice and several glaciers. Then it changes back to a comfortable state, known as an interglacial. The icy periods have a long scientific term as well but are commonly known as ice ages among laymen.

The world is heating up. Gasoline cars, industrial factories, and coal burning are pouring carbon dioxide into our little air tank. The heat is actually pushing the ice age back, causing it not to happen. It might happen very soon, because it has been quite a while since the last ice age.

If we don't stop, there could be a massive greenhouse effect. If we do stop, there could be an ice age. So the human race compels us to ask the question: What do we do?

I, personally, think there needs to be a balance, just like their needs to be a balance in most things. Your diet, your bank account, and now this.

For more info, go to-

http://www.exitmundi.nl/Iceage.htm

Direct link between brain and immune system?

Apparently, the researchers at the University of Virginia found a direct link from the brain and the immune system in June of 2015. Thousands of medical students had been taught otherwise. It's said that many brain diseases, such as autism and Alzheimer's, will be looked at with a significant difference. The treatment and study of such diseases will be more advanced. It just goes to show that in the world of technology and understanding, including health science, the world is always changing. It never slows down. "The discovery was made possible by the work of Antoine Louveau, a postdoctoral fellow in Kipnis’ lab. The vessels were detected after Louveau developed a method to mount a mouse’s meninges – the membranes covering the brain – on a single slide so that they could be examined as a whole."  

-https://news.virginia.edu/content/researchers-find-textbook-altering-link-between-brain-immune-system

for more, go to the site above, which tells about the study and how it was done in more detail, and from a firsthand account.